# Video Streaming Data-link using WiFi in Raw Mode (WFB-ng)

This tutorial shows how to set up a [companion computer](../companion_computer/index.md) with a Logitech C920 or RaspberryPi camera, such that the video stream is transferred from the UAV to a ground computer and displayed in _QGroundControl_.
The setup uses WiFi in unconnected (broadcast) mode and software from the [WFB-ng project](https://github.com/svpcom/wfb-ng).

The channel can also be used as a bidirectional [telemetry](../telemetry/index.md) link and TCP/IP tunnel for drone control during flight.
If you manually control the drone with a Joystick from QGroundControl (which uses MAVLink) then you can use WFB-ng as single link for all drone communications (Video, MAVLink telemetry, remote control using a Joystick).

:::warning
Before using _WFB-ng_ check regulators allow this kind of WiFi use in your country.
:::

## WFB-ng Overview

The _WFB-ng project_ provides a data transport that use low-level WiFi packets to avoid the distance and latency limitations of the ordinary IEEE 802.11 stack.

The high level benefits of _WFB-ng_ include:

- Low-latency video link.
- Bidirectional telemetry link (MAVLink).
- TCP/IP tunnel.
- Automatic TX diversity - use multiple cards on the ground to avoid antenna tracker.
- Full link encryption and authentication (using [libsodium](https://doc.libsodium.org/)).
- Aggregation of MAVLink packets (pack small packets into batches before transmitting).
- Enhanced [OSD](https://github.com/svpcom/wfb-ng-osd) for Raspberry PI or generic linux desktop with gstreamer.

Additional information is provided in the [FAQ](#faq) below.

## Hardware

### Vehicle Setup

The vehicle setup consists of:

- Raspberry PI 3B/3B+/ZeroW
- A camera.
  These have been tested:
  - [Raspberry Pi camera](https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/camera-module-v2/) connected via CSI.
  - [Logitech camera C920](https://support.logi.com/hc/en-us/articles/360024326953-Getting-started-HD-Pro-Webcam-C920) connected via USB

- WiFi module [ALPHA AWUS036ACH](https://www.alfa.com.tw/products/awus036ach_1?variant=40319795789896) or any other **RTL8812au** card.

### Ground Station

- Ground Station Computer.
  These options have been tested:
  - Any Linux computer with a USB port (tested on Ubuntu 18.04 x86-64)
  - A computer with any OS running QGround control and Raspberry PI connected via Ethernet (RPi provides the wifi connection).

- WiFi module [ALPHA AWUS036ACH](https://www.alfa.com.tw/products/awus036ach_1?variant=40319795789896) or any other **RTL8812au** card.
  See [WFB-ng wiki > WiFi hardware](https://github.com/svpcom/wfb-ng/wiki/WiFi-hardware) for more information on supported modules.

## Hardware Modification

Alpha AWUS036ACH is a medium power card that uses a lot of current while transmitting.
If you power it from ordinary USB2 it will reset the port on most **ARM boards**.
If you connect it to **USB3** port via **native USB3 cable** to a **Linux laptop** you can use it without modification.

For **Raspberry PI** (UAV or ground) it must be directly connected to 5V BEC (or high current power adapter in case of ground pi) in one of two ways:

- Make a custom USB cable ([cut `+5V` wire from USB plug and connect it to BEC])(https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/218500/usb-charge-and-data-separate-cables)
- Cut a `+5V` wire on PCB near USB port and wire it to BEC (don't do this if doubt - use custom cable instead).

You must also add a 470uF **low ESR capacitor** (like ESC has) between **card +5v and ground** to filter voltage spikes.
You should integrate the capacitor with a custom USB cable.
Without the capacitor you can get packet corruption or packet loss.
Be aware of [ground loop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_loop_%28electricity%29) when using several ground wires.

::: info
If you use a special "very" high power cards from Taobao/Aliexpress then you MUST power it as described above in ANY case.
:::

### UAV Configuration

1. Download Raspberry PI image from [latest wfb-ng release](https://github.com/svpcom/wfb-ng/releases/)
2. Flash it to the **UAV** Raspberry PI
3. Reboot it and ssh with standard credentials (pi/raspberry).
4. Run actions for **air** role as displayed in motd.
5. Setup camera pipeline. Open `/etc/systemd/system/fpv-camera.service` and uncomment pipeline according to your camera (PI camera or Logitech camera)
6. Open `/etc/wifibroadcast.cfg` and configure WiFi channel according to your antenna setup (or use default #165 for 5.8GHz)
7. Configure PX4 to output telemetry stream at speed 1500 Kbps (other UART speeds doesn't match well to RPi frequency dividers).
   Connect Pixhawk UART to Raspberry Pi UART.
   In `/etc/wifibroadcast.cfg` uncomment `peer = 'serial:ttyS0:1500000'` in `[drone_mavlink]` section.

### Using a Linux Laptop as GCS (Harder than using a RPi)

1. On **ground** Linux development computer:

   ```sh
   sudo apt install libpcap-dev libsodium-dev python3-all python3-twisted
   git clone -b stable https://github.com/svpcom/wfb-ng.git
   cd wfb-ng && make deb && sudo apt install ./deb_dist/wfb-ng*.deb
   ```

2. Follow the [Setup HOWTO](https://github.com/svpcom/wfb-ng/wiki/Setup-HOWTO) to complete installation
3. Don't forget to copy `/etc/gs.key` from **UAV** side to **ground** side to bind two setups.
4. Also don't forget to use the same frequency channel as on the UAV side.

### Using Raspberry PI as GCS (Easier)

If you have Windows or OSX, or don't want to setup WFB-ng to your Linux laptop then you can use the same prebuilt image and another Raspberry Pi:

1. Flash image to the **ground** Raspberry Pi.
2. Reboot it and SSH in with standard credentials (pi/raspberry).
3. Run actions for **ground** role as displayed in motd, but skip setup of `fpv-video` service and `osd` service.
4. Connect your laptop and ground RPi via ethernet and configure IP addresses
5. Edit `/etc/wifibroadcast.cfg` and set the IP address of the laptop in `[gs_mavlink]` and `[gs_video]` sections (replacing `127.0.0.1`).

### QGroundControl Setup

1. Run _QGroundControl_ and set `RTP h264` on port 5600 as video source
2. Use default settings (udp on port 14550) as mavlink source

## Tuning Radio Settings

With default settings WFB use radio channel 165 (5825 MHz), width 20MHz, MCS #1 (QPSK 1/2) with long GI.
This provides ~7 mbit/s of **effective** speed (i.e. usable speed after FEC and packet encoding) for **both directions** in sum, because WiFi is half-duplex.
So it is suitable for video down stream 720p@49fps (4 mbit/s) + two full-speed telemetry streams (uplink and downlink).
If you need a higher bandwidth you can use other MCS index (for example 2 or greater)

## Antennas and Diversity

For simple cases you can use omnidirectional antennas with linear (that bundled with wifi cards) or circular leaf ([circularly polarized Coverleaf Antenna](https://www.antenna-theory.com/antennas/cloverleaf.php)) polarization.
If you want to setup long distance link you can use multiple wifi adapters with directional and omnidirectional antennas. TX/RX diversity for multiple adapters supported out of box (just add multiple NICs to `/etc/default/wifibroadcast`).
If your WiFi adapter has two antennas (like Alfa AWU036ACH) TX diversity is implemented via [STBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%E2%80%93time_block_code).
Cards with 4 ports (like Alfa AWUS1900) are currently not supported.

## FAQ

**Q:** _What type of data can be transmitted using wfb-ng?_

**A:** Any UDP with packet size <= 1445.
For example x264 inside RTP or MAVLink.

**Q:** _What are transmission guarantees?_

**A:** Wifibroadcast uses FEC (forward error correction).
You can tune it (both TX and RX simultaneously!) to fit your needs.

**Q** _How far I can fly and still connect?_

**A** It depends on your antennas and WiFi cards.
With Alfa AWU036ACH and 20dBi patch antenna on the ground ~20km is possible.

:::warning
Don't use band that the RC TX operates on!
Or setup RTL properly to avoid model loss.
:::

**Q:** _Is only Raspberry PI supported?_

**A:** WFB-ng is not tied to any GPU - it operates with UDP packets.
But to get RTP stream you need a video encoder (which encodes raw data from camera to x264 stream), or you must use a camera with a hardware video codec like Logitech C920 or Ethernet security cameras.

#### What ARM Boards are Recommended for the UAV?

- RPI3b/3b+/ZeroW.
  Prebuilt images are available, but it supports only h264 video for CSI cameras.
- Jetson Nano.
  It supports h264 and h265 but you need to setup it yourself according to [Setup HOWTO](https://github.com/svpcom/wfb-ng/wiki/Setup-HOWTO)

You can use any other Linux ARM board, but you need to use an Ethernet or USB camera with built-in hardware video codecs (such as Logitech C920).

## Theory

WFB-ng puts the WiFi cards into monitor mode. This mode allows to send and receive arbitrary packets without association and waiting for ACK packets.
[Analysis of Injection Capabilities and Media Access of IEEE 802.11 Hardware in Monitor Mode](https://github.com/svpcom/wfb-ng/blob/master/doc/Analysis%20of%20Injection%20Capabilities%20and%20Media%20Access%20of%20IEEE%20802.11%20Hardware%20in%20Monitor%20Mode.pdf)
[802.11 timings](https://github.com/ewa/802.11-data)